Chapter 3. Probability: Probability
Probability of the Intersection
Quite often, it is needed to calculate the probability of the intersection of two events and . Recall that the intersection and is the set of outcomes that are classified as AND .
To calculate the probability of the intersection of two events, apply the following rules:
Rules
- Multiplication rule: The probability that events and both occur is equal to the probability that event occurs multiplied by the probability that event occurs, given that has occurred:
- If and are independent, then
Consider the random experiment of rolling two dice with six sides, numbered from to , and observing the numbers on top.
If we define event as 'at least one number is a ', what is the probability of occurring?
One way to calculate the probability of the event 'at least one number is a ' is to make use of the complement rule:
Here, is the event of getting no sixes in two rolls.
To calculate the value of , we define events and as follows:
- 'the first roll is not a '
- 'the second roll is not a '
The probabilities of these events are:
The event of neither roll being a is equivalent to the combined event of getting no on the first roll AND getting no on the second roll:
Since dice rolls are independent events, we can use the following formula to calculate the probability of the intersection of and :
Now that is known, can be calculated:
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